Earth Science –Bennett HS—Q2 –Notebook

The following notes should be entered into your notebooks (a spiral notebook or loose leaf paper in a 3-ring binder), in chronological order and will be collected and graded on Januaryr 21st.  Blank lines and any information that appears in brackets “[xxxx]” is information that should have been entered by each student and will vary for each student.

--Ms. Milligan

 

11/10/2004

What is the elevation of Bennett High School?

650 feet above sea level

 

 

11/12/2004

Topographic Maps

 

 

 

Fields
A field is a region with a measurable quantity at every location.

Field Map Diagram

 [click here to see the diagram, this does not have to be copied into your notes, but review it for understanding and read the text in this box]

This diagram is an example of a field map. In this example, the numbers on the map represent the concentration of gasoline found at that location. So the map simply shows how much of something (in this case gasoline) is found at many locations.

 

Isolines
Isolines are lines that are drawn on a field map to connect all of the points on that map that have the same value.

40 meter Isolines Diagram

 [click here to see the diagram, this does not have to be copied into your notes, but review it for understanding and read the text in this box]
This image is an example of a gasoline field map with the 40 isoline drawn in.

Notice that the line connects points that all have the same value. In this example, the circle connects all of the points with a value of 40. That means that every point on that line has a value of exactly 40.

 


All Isolines Diagram

[click here to see the diagram, this does not have to be copied into your notes, but review it for understanding and read the text in this box]
This map has all of the isolines drawn in, at an interval of 10 (each line is 10 units apart) is shown to the right:

11/16/2004

Topographic Maps
Contour lines are isolines that are drawn on an elevation map. These lines connect all points with the same elevation, and give a great picture of the lay of the land. The resulting map is called a Topographic Map.

Contour Lines Interval Diagram

[click here to see the diagram, this does not have to be copied into your notes, but review it for understanding and read the text in this box]
Above is an example of a Topographic Map. Notice that isolines are drawn every 20 meters to connect points with the same elevation.

 

There are several important rules to remember when reading a topographic map:

·         Close line =Steep Slope

Contour Lines Slope Diagram

[click here to see the diagram, this does not have to be copied into your notes, but review it for understanding and read the text in this box]

The steepest slopes on the map can be seen by looking for lines that are very close together. Since each line represents a change in elevation of a set amount (20 meters in this example), lines that are close together indicate steep gradients. The area circled in red is very steep, because it has many lines crowded close together.

 

 

·         Contour lines bend upstream when crossing a river

Upstream Diagram

[click here to see the diagram, this does not have to be copied into your notes, but review it for understanding and read the text in this box]

Since contour lines must remain at the same elevation, they must bend when they cross riverbeds. A riverbed drops downward, so the contour line must bend uphill to stay at the same elevation. The highlighted lines show that the direction of the Mill River must be northeast.

 

·         Highest possible elevation of a hill

Highest Elevation Diagram

[click here to see the diagram, this does not have to be copied into your notes, but review it for understanding and read the text in this box]

The highest elevation of a hill can be calculated by finding the last (highest) contour line on that hill, and then figuring out the next line that would be drawn. The highest possible elevation of the hill is just below the value of  that next line. The highest possible elevation of the hill indicated by the arrow is 239 meters.

The last line indicated on the map is 220 meters. The next line would be 240 meters (remember that the contour interval is 20 meters). Since there is no 240 meter line, the hill cannot be higher than 239 meters!

 

 

·         Depressions are shown by small marks
pointing inward off the contour line

Depressions Diagram

[click here to see the diagram, this does not have to be copied into your notes, but review it for understanding and read the text in this box]


The arrow is pointing to a depression, or hole. The contour line with the marks, or hatchers, has the same elevation as the line before it. In this case the hatchered line has a value of 140 meters, and the depression must be less than 140 meters.

 

11/22/2004

Profiles
A profile is a picture of what the landscape would look like from the side. It is a cross section of the landscape. You should be able to identify a correct profile, as well as draw one.

(see handout “Identify a Profile”)

 

 

12/6/2004

Who Am I?—A Periodic Table Game

 

Go to pgs. 646 & 647 of text (“Periodic Table of Elements”)

 

Give the Name & (symbol):

 

1.     We are the only two elements that are liquid? 

 

______________________

 

             ______________________

 

 

2.    I have an Atomic mass of 118.710?         

 

______________________

 

3.    I am the only gas in Group 15?                

 

______________________

 

 

4.    We are the four solids in Period 2?                 

 

______________________

 

______________________  

 

______________________  

 

______________________

 

5.    My Atomic number is 64?                     

 

______________________

 

 

Common Chemical Symbols

 

H     __________________            K     __________________

He  __________________            Ca    __________________

C     __________________            Fe    __________________

N     __________________            Cu   __________________

O     __________________            Zn    __________________

Na   __________________            Rb   __________________

Mg   __________________            Sr     __________________

Al    __________________            Ag   __________________

Si     __________________            Au   __________________

S      __________________            Pb    __________________

Cl    __________________            U     __________________

 

 

12/7/2004

Element Composition of Earth’s Crust

·         Over 99% of Earth’s crust and its minerals are, by volume and mass, composed of 8 of the 90 naturally occurring elements found on Earth

·         Silicon (Si) is the second most abundant element by mass

(see page 11 of ESRT—chart on top of page)

 

Use the Periodic Table in text or page 16 ESRT to fill in the following table:

 

Chemical Formula

Name of Compounds

Elements in Compound

Relative Number of atoms in Compound

# of Atoms

H2O

Water

 

 

 

CO

Carbon Monoxide

 

 

 

CO2

Carbon Dioxide

 

 

 

FeS2

Iron Sulfide (pyrite)

 

 

 

CaCO3

Calcium Carbonate

 

 

 

Al2O3

Aluminum Oxide

 

 

 

NaCl

Sodium Chloride

 

 

 

H2SO4

Sulfuric Acid

 

 

 

SiO2

Silica

 

 

 

 

 

12/9/2004

 

A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic crystalline solid having a definite chemical composition.

  • It is inorganic because it has not been made by or composed of life form.
  • It is crystalline because its atoms have a specific arrangement.
  • All minerals are solids

[see page 16 ESRT]

Some of the characteristic chemical and physical properties found in minerals include:

  • Color
  • Streak
  • Luster
  • Hardness
  • Density
  • Cleavage
  • Crystal Structure

 

Compound or Native?

  • A “native mineral” is composed of a single element.  A “compound mineral” is composed of more than one element.  Most minerals are compound minerals.

 

 

Rocks or Minerals?

  • All minerals are rocks, but not all rocks are minerals.  Rocks can be made composed of minerals, glasses (atoms do not have a specific arrangement), or organic matter.

 

 

 

12/13/2004

 

Mineral Characteristics:

 

                                               A MINERAL isn’t a MINERAL

                                                              unless it’s

 

 

 

 

 

12/15/2004

  • The Earth's crust (lithosphere) is composed of naturally occurring materials made up of one or more minerals, called rock.

Minerals

  • known as “rock ingredients”
  • needs to be aware of the characteristics a mineral may posses and its physical properties

Characteristics of Minerals

  • may be composed of single or multiple elements
  • minerals found in the Earth's crust are basically composed of two elements: they are oxygen and silicon
  • See  page 11 of the Earth Science Reference Tables,
  • oxygen and silicon make up about 75% of the total mass
  • chemical structure of 90% of all minerals, which is the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron (SiO4)

See page 16 of the Earth Science Reference Tables which lists the major minerals that are to be identified.

Physical Properties of Minerals
- can be used to identify the name of a mineral

- determined by crystal structure

Hardness is the resistance of a mineral to being scratched.

·         Most useful characteristic for identification

  • Use the Moh's Scale of hardness lists ten minerals in order of hardness from 1-10 with
  • 1 being the softest
  • 10 being the hardest.

Moh's Scale of Hardness

The number next to the mineral is also the mineral's hardness. For example, diamond has a hardness of 10 where as calcite has a hardness of 3.
 

10

Diamond

9

Corundum

8

Topaz

7

Quartz

6

Orthoclase (K-feldspar)

5

Apatite

4

Fluorite

3

Calcite

2

Gypsum

1

Talc

Some common items used for comparison:

5.5

Glass

5.5

Steel Nail

3.5

Penny

2.5

Fingernail

 

12/17/2004

Use textbook (or Review Book) to define the following terms related to the study of minerals:

 

  • Color

 

  • Streak

 

  • Luster

 

  • Hardness

 

  • Density (specific gravity)

 

  • Cleavage

 

  • Crystal Structure (shape)

 

 

1/5/2005

Rocks

  • All rocks are formed from minerals.
  • There are 3 main classifications:

o    igneous

o    sedimentary

o    metamorphic

  • The three types are formed under different conditions and posses certain characteristics.
  • The characteristics a rock has depends upon the condition in which it formed.

 

The ROCK CYCLE (see page 6 of the Earth Science Reference Tables) shows the process that each rocks type undergoes to form.

 

 

Igneous Rocks

  • Form from the solidification of magma (molten rock)

o    magma is molten rock beneath the Earth’s surface and

o    lava is magma that is on the Earth’s surface.

  • main characteristics:

o    crystal size (grain size) and

o    texture

  • If an igneous rock is intrusive (plutonic) that means it formed and cooled under the Earth’s surface (crust)

o    temperatures are greater, rocks would take longer to cool.

o    large crystals and coarse texture

o    examples are: granite and gabbro.

  • If an igneous rock is extrusive (volcanic) that means it formed on or close to the Earth’s surface

 

o    temperatures are cooler

o    small or possibly no crystal structure at all.

o    range from fine (basalt) to glassy (obsidian).

 

 

 

·      The chart on page 6 of the Earth Science Reference Tables shows the characteristics of the major igneous rocks that are to be identified.

·      Color, density, and composition depend on the mineral composition.

·      Read the percentage of minerals by following the column in which it is found directly down.

·      Remember that not all samples of the same rock look the same so different percentages of minerals can be found for one rock.

 

 

 

1/10/2005

Sedimentary Rocks

·      formed from the burial/compaction and cementing of earth materials.

·      (sediments) are carried by natural agents such as wind, water, and glaciers and then are deposited on land or underwater.

·      usually contain cemented rounded grains that may be

o    the same size (sandstone)

o     or different sizes (conglomerate)

o    or in compacted layers (shale).

 

Other Forms of Sedimentary Rock

Chemical: evaporation and precipitation of dissolved minerals.

Examples: limestone, rock salt, gypsum, etc.

 

Biological: result of biological activity from millions of years ago. This includes all forms of flora (plants) and fauna (animals).

Best example is coal which form from the deposits of plants and animals.

 

The chart on page 7 of the Earth Science Reference Tables shows the characteristics of the major sedimentary rocks that are to be identified.

 

 

1/13/2005

Metamorphic Rocks

  • other rocks (igneous and sedimentary) that have undergone high amount of pressure and temperature deep within the Earth.
  • the result of solidification of material under high temperature and pressure.
  • two types of metamorphism
    • contact - will occur in a small area
    • regional - occur in a large area
  • usually harder and denser than other rock types
  • look for bands or foliation of the rock sample.
    • the thicker the bands, the more intense the heat and pressure conditions were to form the rock.

 

 

 

To read more about how igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks are formed visit Rock Hounds-- http://www.fi.edu/fellows/payton/rocks/create/index.html

  

 

 

 

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